July 21, 2022
Every big project has its 'founding fathers'. Our Center has them too. We are especially pleased that the organizers of VCIOM are prominent sociologists, pioneers of the entire sociological research industry in Russia.
The new media ‘Project.’ conducted a major investigation on the main and almost the only state-owned center for the study (formation) of public opinion.
Is this what the founding fathers and employees of VCIOM dreamed of in the late 1980s?
For us, the staff of the first ‘Soviet Gallup', VCIOM was a symbol of democracy and a place for independent professional activity.
The center lived with its country, studying it continuously and impartially. We often said back then that the history of VCIOM was the history of the country. And so it turned out.
The fate of VCIOM is the fate of the country.
Elena Koneva
Unnatural Numbers. Part Two
A story on how sociologists made Russians love Putin and the war in Ukraine
Authors: Katya Arenina, assisted by Mikhail Rubin and Roman Badanin
7th of July 2022
Since the beginning of aggression against Ukraine, the whole world has been occupied with the question of whether the vast majority of Russians really support this unjust war. The Project’s investigation proves with concrete examples that most polls published in Russia simply cannot be trusted. Since taking office, Vladimir Putin has been so worried about his approval ratings that the Kremlin has taken full control of the opinion pollsters, and the latter have learned how to get the right answers from citizens.
If Putin visits the websites of the main sociological services — VCIOM or FOM — he will see there a simultaneously pleasant and surprising picture. The data on how many Russians approve of his activities looks almost like a straight line, steadily going up and hardly dropping below 60%.
What Putin’s indestructible approval rating looks like
FOM: In your opinion, is President Putin performing relatively well or relatively poorly in his position?
VCIOM: Do you generally approve or disapprove of the performance of the president of Russia?
In fact, over the past few years, Putin’s approval rating has been constantly fluctuating up and down. The full picture should look like this:
Actual approval rating
Approval: In general, do you approve or disapprove of the performance of the president of Russia? (closed-ended question, the graph shows only the period when Vladimir Putin was president)
Trust: We all trust some people and do not trust others. And if we’re talking about politicians, who do you trust and who would you not trust solving important state problems? (open-ended question, the respondents say the names themselves)
The decline in 2018, which is clearly visible on the graph, seriously worried Kremlin officials, who knew that the president places a high value on his approval rating and could get seriously upset about such fluctuations. They came up with a simple solution: they asked the Federal Public Opinion Research Center (FOM) and the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM) to publish new polls without comparing them with the old data. The sociologists complied with the instruction — they concealed Putin’s approval ratings before the drop, and now the websites of both sociological structures show only the most recent figures without any fluctuations.
The Project spoke with employees of polling agencies, as well as with people who worked in the presidential administration at different times, compared their stories with public data and found out that Putin places so much importance on his approval rating that the authorities resorted to significant manipulation of public opinion polls for the sake of it.
Who’s the Fairest of Them All?
Putin was worried about the approval ratings of Dmitri Medvedev and the governors — he did not want them to equal his level of support. Because of this, the Kremlin started giving opinion pollsters instructions about which data could be published and which could not.
In the early 2000s, Kremlin officials often asked each other the question: “How am I going to show these figures to Vladimir Vladimirovich?”. The point was that when Putin came to power against a background of voter fatigue from the elderly Boris Yeltsin, he quickly became accustomed to huge numbers of popular support — in January 2000, 84% of the population approved of his performance. The young president quickly began to perceive any fluctuations in the approval ratings as something abnormal and an oversight by his staff. “He wanted to bathe in the people’s love,” says an employee of the presidential administration in the early 2000s. — Sociology was the mirror that said, ‘You are the fairest of them all.” However, from time to time the people’s love would drop, and looking in the mirror would become unpleasant.
Another mishap occurred in 2003. All year long, on the eve of the Duma elections, the state-run VCIOM was publishing data which indicated that United Russia might lose to the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF). The polls infuriated Vladislav Surkov, deputy head of the Kremlin administration in charge of domestic policy in general, and elections in particular. At a regular meeting which Project’s interlocutors call “political planning,” where presidential administration officials and experts used to gather, Kremlin bosses wanted to hear explanations from VCIOM. But Yuri Levada, the then head of the center, avoided visits to the Kremlin and only sent in his deputies infrequently . Head of FOM Alexander Oslon had to answer for both himself and his colleagues — it turned out that the pollsters had invented the so-called correction coefficient. This is a well-known sociological tool — in the previous elections, the Communists got more than the polls showed, and Putin got less, and then experts began to lower the figures of government support in their forecasts. The Kremlin demanded that the amendment no longer be applied, and one of the officials present at the meeting said irritably about VCIOM: “We need to deal with them”.
How the correction factor failed to work In January and February 2000, VCIOM forecast that Putin would get 57-62% of the vote, while the CPRF candidate, Gennady Zyuganov, would get 15-19%. But in the election, Putin got 52.9% and Zyuganov 29.2%. A gap of 10% is a serious mistake for sociologists. FOM experienced the same problem. They realized that they were neglecting the Communist supporters, and tried to fix it by applying a correction factor based on the results of the last election. This did not help: before the August 2003 ratings scandal, VCIOM gave 23% support for United Russia and 28% for the CPRF, while FOM gave them 22% and 20% respectively. In the December elections, United Russia received 37.5%, and the CPRF 12.6%.
The threat quickly materialized — Levada was summoned to the Kremlin and sacked , so he had to create an independent Levada Center, which would still face problems in the future (more details below). Valery Fedorov, an acquaintance of Alexei Chesnakov, the then deputy head of the Kremlin Domestic Policy Directorate, was appointed as the head of VCIOM.
Fedorov never missed a meeting at the Kremlin. Sociologists were very important participants in “political planning” — they often even began with Oslon’s report on the weekly dynamics of the Kremlin’s approval ratings. The President’s schedule — what events he should attend and what topics he should bring up — was also discussed there, bearing in mind the voters’ reactions to Putin’s previous statements. If something wasn’t right, they would change the plans. But it has become even easier to change the polling itself: since then, the researchers have become malleable and didn’t want to spoil the president’s mood.
Who conducted the “political plannings” Until his resignation in 2003, Alexander Voloshin, head of the presidential administration, used to conduct these meetings to discuss the president’s plans, the current political agenda, and how the media would cover the president’s work. After Voloshin’s resignation, meetings on the political agenda were conducted first by Vladislav Surkov, and then by his successors in the position of domestic policy curator, Vyacheslav Volodin and Sergei Kirienko. At the same time, there was a separate meeting for the heads of television channels, which was eventually taken over by Alexei Gromov, the curator of propaganda.
In 2010, under Dmitry Medvedev, the “national leader” discovered yet another reason to get upset. At the time, the ratings of the young president and the experienced prime minister suddenly equalized. The most annoying thing was that almost as many voters were ready to vote for Medvedev in the next election as for Putin — 21% and 24%, respectively. We only know these figures thanks to the Levada Center.
How Medvedev was catching up with Putin
Do you approve of the work of President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin?
The pro-Kremlin pollsters simply concealed this data. FOM got exactly the same figures, but the Kremlin has forbidden them from being published. VCIOM, on the other hand, did not ask such a question at all — the possible answers included either Putin or Medvedev, but never both. “[It was done] so as not to square them off against each other,” explains Igor Eidman, a former VCIOM staffer.
The Kremlin was jealous not only of Medvedev’s approval rating, but even of that of the governors. “Some regions were told: ‘Why is your governor’s rating going up, while Putin’s isn’t?” — recalls a political technologist who worked on gubernatorial campaigns.
Since 2018, for the sake of the president’s peace of mind, VCIOM stopped comparing him to other politicians altogether. They simply stopped asking people how they would vote in the next election. (* as recalled by a sociologist who worked at VCIOM during those years; his words are confirmed by the data from VCIOM’s database). But even the lack of competition wasn’t enough for Putin — pollsters began to employ instruments of manipulation in order to get the right answers.
The Right Question Gets You the Right Answer
Pollsters wanted to get the answers the Kremlin wanted from respondents and started asking citizens questions with a prompt
In 2018, when Putin’s previously colossal rating collapsed by 20%, the Kremlin did not just come up with the idea of hiding old data on the approval rating of the head of state. At the same time, employees of FOM and VCIOM began to receive very strangely worded questions and answer options from their superiors.
First of all, respondents were frequently asked so-called formative questions in which they were immediately pointed to the right answer.
A typical example is the VCIOM poll before the 2019 Moscow City Duma elections, in which opposition candidates were not allowed to participate. Right in the text of the question, the pollsters reported that the election commission had discovered invalid signatures in support of Gennady and Dmitry Gudkov, Ilya Yashin, and Lyubov Sobol. And then they asked:
Some people think that in this situation, the electoral commission should act in accordance with the law and deny registration to candidates who have committed signature collection violations. Others think that despite the violations, the electoral commission should have registered all candidates. Which point of view do you agree with more?
The questions about participation in protest rallies were worded similarly — in them, people were also immediately hinted at the right answer:
On July 27, an unsanctioned protest rally was held in Moscow. Do you agree or disagree with the opinion that in such situations, the authorities should act in accordance with the law, even if harsh measures have to be applied?
Not surprisingly, by giving people a clue as to what complies with the law and what doesn’t, the pollsters got the results the Kremlin demanded: more than half of respondents agreed that opposition candidates should not be registered, while 61% of Muscovites supported the government’s harsh actions at the rallies.
Such polls have recently become the norm.
On the eve of the war, VCIOM asked citizens if they supported the recognition of the independence of the LPR and DPR, once again with an interesting wording:
Please tell us, do you or do you not supportthe president’s decision to have Russia recognize the independence of the DPR and LPR?
That is, this question was not about the Donbass problem, but about approval of the president, explains Alexei Titkov, a lecturer at the Moscow Higher School of Social and Economic Sciences. Once again, the Kremlin got the result it wanted — 73% supported Putin.
The pollsters phrased the question about the Russians’ attitude toward the agreement with the LPR and DPR, which was the basis for the aggression against Ukraine, even more clumsily. VCIOM asked this:
Yesterday the president and the heads of the DPR and LPR signed treaties on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance. Do you or do you not support Vladimir Putin’s decision to sign these treaties?
78% of respondents were in favor of the “friendship”.
Life by own rules
In May 2022, VCIOM published a press release with the headline “Life by own rules.” Its main conclusion: “89% of Russians believe that today Russia should live by its own rules, without looking back at Western countries.”
“They invented some abstract West, attributed some rules to it, and set it against some abstract Russia,” a former VCIOM official, who held a senior position there, said indignantly. “What is Russia — its president? What are the rules — to continue the war? Ask if Germany should live by the rules of China, and you will get the same results. Either the pollsters were told to ask it this exact way, or they are very stupid.
Secondly, the drop in Putin’s approval rating has also affected the options for answers — the pollsters have now practically stopped asking people open-ended questions, i.e. those where respondents can give their own answers. One of the FOM contractors provided The Project with a closed survey of Orel Oblast residents — there is not a single open-ended question there. The answers given also lack variety — for example, when asked about the media outlets they read or watch, respondents were only offered a choice of local media loyal to the government, while independent media outlets were not on the list.
But the biased answer options are best seen in the FOM poll about the purpose of the “special operation” in Ukraine. Three out of four answers are for supporters of the war: “to ensure the security of Russia,” “to protect the residents of the DPR and LPR,” and “to remove Ukrainian nationalists from power.” There is only one option for opponents of the war, and it is not the most obvious: “to liquidate the statehood of Ukraine and annex it to Russia.” Young respondents aged 18-30 chose it one and a half times more often than all the others — but it does not usually make it into press releases or news reports.
Do young Russians want war?
Do you or do you not support the decision to conduct a special military operation of Russia in Ukraine?
All of The Project’s interlocutors, including former employees of both centers, affirm that neither VTsIOM nor FOM “draw numbers” — all they have to do is ask the right questions to the right people. Then the answers will be “right” too, especially since citizens are becoming more and more afraid to talk to pollsters with each passing year.
Answers out of Fear and for Food
Russians and residents of the captured regions of Ukraine have become afraid of pollsters and often give “correct” answers out of fear
One can find many messages on social networks lately from users saying that they took part in opinion polls, but were afraid to answer honestly. “The atmosphere of fear” in the country is so great that it affects polling data and it is now difficult to take polling data seriously, argues a political technologist working with the presidential administration on condition of anonymity.
Post in Telegram: "The questions are structured like this: first they ask about the approval of the authorities, then about support for the special operation. (Somewhere in between these questions was a very funny one about Mishustin and Shoigu, whether I approve of their activities. There was also a similar question about Putin.) The funniest one was: if they call a protest rally this weekend, will you take to the streets to support it? I asked them if they would send a paddy wagon to pick me up if I answered “yes”.
This spring, VCIOM conducted polls twice, in late April and late May, in towns and villages in the Donetsk region that had just been seized by Russia , one of the organizers of these polls told The Project . People were asked how they felt about the “special operation,” about Vladimir Putin and Volodymyr Zelenskyy, about whether they wanted their city to become part of Russia or the DPR, to remain part of Ukraine or to become independent. The majority answered that they wanted to become part of Russia, according to The Project’s interlocutor.
It’s clear why this happened — in Volnovakha, Mangush, Volodarske and Bezimenne, pollsters worked in the temporary accommodation centers, says The Project’s interlocutor. According to him, in Mariupol, at the end of April, they only worked at a point of distribution of humanitarian aid from the United Russia party. It was not until May that people were polled on the streets, i.e. in places where they did not feel so dependent on the occupation authorities.
Why are this methods wrong?
Polls should not be conducted on occupied territories, says independent sociologist Elena Koneva.
“The combination of demonstrative humanitarian actions with brutal repressions creates a feeling of complete unpredictability. Terrified citizens will give ‘safe’ answers, opponents of the war will give ‘right’ answers, and at night they will draw graffiti against the occupiers.”
The answers are simply unreliable, but Koneva is sure that the Russian authorities are not interested in their reliability — the results will be used primarily for propaganda purposes, to say: “We’re welcome here.”
Even inside Russia, polls by VCIOM and FOM show a high (65-76%) level of support for the invasion of Ukraine. But few admit it — most refuse to talk to pollsters. For example, Russian Field researchers, together with Maxim Kats, conducted a survey of attitudes toward the war — 29,500 people out of 31,000 abstained from answering. An employee of the regional contractor of FOM also spoke about the growing share of refusals: “Earlier about every third person on the standard interviewer’s itinerary sheet of 18 people agreed to talk, but after the start of the ‘special operation’ only every sixth person did. They say bluntly: ‘I don’t want to go to jail”. Sociologist Ekaterina Kurbangaleyeva makes a similar point: focus-group conversations are recorded on camera and this scares the respondents.
However, sometimes the authorities are still interested in finding out the real opinion of the population — but such polls are kept secret from the public.
Answers without publication prospects
The Kremlin forbids sociologists to publish poll results that are bad for them, including those about Alexei Navalny. And the data from the disloyal Levada Center is simply forbidden from being cited in the media.
In the spring of 2022, the results of a VСIOM poll on how Russians use YouTube landed on Putin’s desk, a source close to the leadership of the presidential administration told The Project. There was a lot of talk in the Russian administration about whether to block the world’s largest video hosting site, and eventually the officials decided to see how citizens would react — they were asked if they used the service often, whether they thought an information war was waged through it, how they felt about the blocking of the Duma channel and what they thought about the potential blocking of the service itself . The results turned out to be very complementary to YouTube; they were not published, but were sent to the country’s leadership, according to The Project’s source close to the presidential administration. They declined to disclose the data in more detail.
The FOM poll gives a rough idea of the answers: the company did not specifically ask about the service being blocked, which is probably why their data ended up in the public domain. According to the poll, more than half of Russian Internet users watch YouTube; a third of those users watch it every day. Families with children under the age of 10 were polled separately: half of them watch YouTube every day.
YouTube for the people
How often Russians use YouTube
Watch YouTube every day | 33% |
Watch YouTube several times a week | 11% |
Watch YouTube once a week or less | 11% |
Don't use YouTube at all | 23% |
Don't use the Internet at all | 22% |
How often families with children under 10 use Youtube
Watch YouTube every day | 48% |
Watch YouTube several times a week | 14% |
Watch YouTube once a week or less | 3% |
Don't use Youtube at all | 26% |
Source: FOM
Most likely, the results of these polls influenced the future of the service — the Kremlin is not currently considering blocking YouTube .
The YouTube story is more of a rule than an exception. If the results of a poll indicate growing discontent among Putin’s supporters, the authorities do not publish such data, but they can respond. For example, in the spring of 2017, VCIOM conducted a survey about the renovation program in Moscow . The survey showed that renovation was perceived as a mistake of Putin, not of Mayor Sergei Sobyanin. And the authorities immediately decided to soften the rhetoric and not rush the renovation — Sobyanin then promised to “carefully consider all meaningful statements made at the protest rallies.”
Overall, at least a third of the poll results are not published, says Dmitri Rudenkin, a former VCIOM employee. A former FOM employee put the figure at 50-70%. So it turns out that people don’t have the right to know their own opinion on most issues.
Polls about Alexei Navalny are frequently not published. VCIOM asks about people’s attitudes toward him in almost every phone survey , but the results are unknown to anyone . At the height of last year’s protests following Navalny’s trial, FOM conducted a focus-group study of the values and political sympathies of 17-35 year-olds at the request of the authorities. The report on the results of this study, which ended up at the disposal of The Project, has never been published, and it is clear why. The study participants ranked the reset of Putin’s presidential terms and the arrest of Navalny as the worst events of recent years. And the main conclusion of the study probably did not please the Kremlin at all:
Among the respondents there are both those who sympathize with Putin and those who feel antipathy toward him, many have a neutral, indifferent attitude toward him. But almost no one would vote for him now. From the FOM survey on the values and political sympathies of young people
At a time when the Kremlin could easily prohibit the publication of any materials by FOM and VCIOM, only the Levada Center spoiled the picture. But the authorities have found a solution even in this situation: they have banned all controlled media outlets — which includes almost all media outlets remaining in Russia — from publishing news based on their polls. This happened two years ago.
Who was banned from publishing Levada Center data
The last article covering a Levada poll was published on the Kommersant website in August 2020.
It’s the same with Vedomosti: the latest story was published in August 2020 reported by Vedomosti employees.
On RBC’s website, it’s April 2020 published in the RBC-Trends section.
Since January 2020, RT has not published any news based on Levada polls either. From the same moment.
Gazeta.ru has only released two news items on the service’s polls — about waste sorting and Russians’ attitudes toward nuclear power.
Since February 2020, there has been no such news on the 360 TV channel’s website.
Thus polling has finally become a tool in the hands of the authorities.
Voting at First Sight
Pollsters were not just publishing the right questions — with their help the authorities were constructing an alternative reality in the country
In late June 2022, in the midst of another Russian offensive in Ukraine, the media began to spread a seemingly totally irrelevant article: “Museum and exhibition attendance in Russia has increased by 1.5 times over the past 30 years.” This survey that feels as if it were from another reality was conducted by VCIOM.
Sociologists began to help the Kremlin create an alternative agenda long before this case — back in 2017, when anti-corruption protests were held in Russia after Navalny’s film “Don’t Call Him Dimon”. At that time, the presidential administration wondered how to divert the attention of the population. The officials turned to pollsters for help: they asked them to help with some “good news”. The latter began to come up with polls that the media would use to write positive news like “Russians Believe in Love at First Sight.”
VCIOM: Russians’ expenditures on preparing children for September 1 have decreased by 14% over the year.
VCIOM: the image of the Far East has become positive for Russians.
VCIOM: Most Russians do not feel lonely.
Sometimes, with the help of polls, the government tries to program public opinion. A few years ago the Kremlin decided to promote the New People party — back then, VCIOM began to publish regular polls which implied that this then-unknown party would get into many regional parliaments, and would eventually make it into the Duma . This data was actively replicated by the pro-Kremlin media , and New People made it into the Duma.
How the polls “predicted” election results
Political strategist Gleb Pavlovsky used a similar technique back in 1999 — he published exit polling data on his website right on the Duma election day. At the time, the Day of Silence rule applied only to the media — and Pavlovsky took advantage of that by declaring that the Internet is not the media.
The exit polls showed that the Unity bloc (transformed into United Russia in 2001), established to support Putin in the next presidential election, was in first place, with its allies, the Union of Right Forces, in third. These results were even read live on the Vesti news program, before voting had even finished in all regions. Naturally, the parties made it into parliament.
Loyal media often help pollsters promote an alternative agenda. In 2021, RIA Novosti reported: “Half of Russians experienced positive emotions while watching Direct Line with Vladimir Putin.” The article did not say how this study was conducted. But the VCIOM website, which the journalists based their story on, said explicitly: this wasn’t an all-Russia poll, but a 123-member focus group. Thus 66 and a half people turned into half of Russians.
Not surprisingly, such important services are expensive for the authorities. And there are people who make money on this.
Expensive Respondents
Corruption is evident even in Russia’s opinion polls: the family of a Kremlin polling supervisor receives expensive orders from the Kremlin for public opinion surveys
VCIOM and FOM are the Kremlin’s most famous, but not only assistants. In recent years, representatives of Insomar have begun appearing at meetings in the presidential administration.
However, it does not stop at meetings: the company has received orders, for example, to conduct research and exit polls for the 2021 parliamentary elections. At the request of the Kremlin, pollsters were investigating whether Chulpan Khamatova and Alexei Pivovarov, as more loyal candidates from the Kremlin’s point of view, could beat oppositionists Lyubov Sobol and Sergei Mitrokhin. Another option was Liza Alert coordinator Oleg Leonov, who ended up running against Mitrokhin — he got into the Duma by joining the New People faction, for which Insomar also conducted polls.
In total , only in 2021, Insomar has received about 580 million rubles from the authorities and structures associated with the Kremlin and state agencies. How was it possible that a little-known company began to receive contracts along with prominent competitors?
In 2012, Volgograd sociologist Yevgeny Mikhailenko, who had previously worked with United Russia and VCIOM, joined the presidential administration. Soon after he joined the Kremlin’s domestic policy bloc, he became head of the very same department responsible for polling, which includes analyzing public opinion poll data and assigning tasks to pollsters.
At almost the same time, his wife Anna became the owner and manager of Insomar. Evidently, so that the situation would not look too provocative, in 2015 Anna transferred the company’s shares to her partners, whose connection with the Mikhailenko spouses is easily established. Later, Mikhailenko and her husband created another structure, ANO Bolshaya Strana, which she transferred to her brother, Alexei Paramonov, in 2016.
Insomar and Bolshaya Strana regularly receive orders for opinion polls and, accordingly, payments from so-called Kremlin “operators” — structures that distribute money among contractors of the presidential administration. One such operator is EISI, whose board of trustees is headed by Boris Gryzlov, chairman of the Supreme Council of United Russia and Russia’s ambassador to Belarus, while its executive director is Anna Fedulkina, a long-time associate of Alexander Kharichev, Mikhailenko’s boss in the Kremlin. Another company that transfers money to legal entities associated with the official’s family is the PR agency Polylog, which until 2017 was headed by the same Fedulkina.
Who sponsors public opinion research
OOO Insomar Belongs to persons related to Anna Mikhailenko
Moscow authorities | ₽ 171.6 million |
United Russia and related funds | ₽ 5.7 million |
Russian government | ₽ 5.5 million |
Polylog Agency (affiliated with the Presidential Administration) | ₽ 0.6 million |
Insomar Foundation Established by Sergey Haikin, former owner of OOO Insomar, who has in fact delegated the management of the companies to Anna Mikhailenko
United Russia and related funds | ₽ 123.9 million |
Ministry of Finance of the Ulyanovsk Oblast | ₽ 6.5 million |
Ministry of Finance of Udmurtia | ₽ 6.3 million |
Polylog Agency (affiliated with the Presidential Administration) | ₽ 1.2 million |
ANO Bolshaya Strana Co-founders: Anna and Yevgeny Mikhailenko and Anna’s brother Alexei Paramonov
Moscow authorities | ₽ 99 million |
Regional foundations linked to United Russia | ₽ 8.5 million |
Government of the Tver Oblast | ₽ 8 million |
EISI, the operator of Kremlin grants | ₽ 7.6 million |
OOO Mediashkola Owned by Yevgeny Mikhailenko’s mother, Galina
Moscow authorities | ₽ 97.4 million |
Government of the Tver Oblast | ₽ 9.9 million |
OOO Business-Logic Owned by Yevgeny Mikhailenko’s ex-wife Anna
Moscow authorities | ₽ 8.6 million |
ANO Tsentr Prisp | ₽ 4 million |
At the end of 2021, immediately after the State Duma elections, which brought his company many orders and hundreds of millions of rubles, Mikhailenko left the presidential administration. Now he passes on his experience to the new generation as head of one of the faculties of the Higher School of Economics, from which many liberal professors have been dismissed in recent years.
* * * When war broke out in Ukraine and the pro-government media began publishing news about Russians’ support of the military action at the behest of the Kremlin, sociologist Sergei Haikin tried to convey to Putin that this was not entirely true. Together with a group of sociologists, he conducted a study that showed a high proportion of dissent among young people and residents of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Haikin, who used to work with the Kremlin, periodically submitted the data of his polls to the president and hoped that it would work this time, too. But officials he knew told him: “We shouldn’t upset Vladimir Vladimirovich.”
Editing by Mikhail Rubin
Fact checking by Mikhail Maglov
The original of this article with all additional materials and links can be found on the website The Project.